Dry Film Lubricants Low Friction Coatings

Dry film lubricants low friction coatings can be excellent means to achieving low friction.

Unlike greases, oils, or ‘wet’ lubricants, dry film lubricants low friction coatings can be utilized in extreme environments, such as very high temperature or pressure, Non Stick Coating even under vacuum, where other, organic-based compounds like PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) will ‘cold flow’, never survive.

Examples of common lubricating compounds include graphite, tungsten disulfide (WS2), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2). Frictional performance can be exceptional from these unique structures, with coefficients as low as 0.02-0.04. Of course, friction is a system-dependent parameter, a function of load, travel distance, rate of travel, temperature, base material hardness, surface finish, mated surface characteristics, and other factors.

Everlube Products Pioneer and Leader in Solid Film Lubricant Technology.
How is their performance derived? Characteristics of dry film lubricants low friction coatings come from lubricating particles rubbing against themselves. There is no metal to metal contact. Of course, special binders, both organic and inorganic based, are often included for a variety of physical property or performance enhancements.

Dry film lubricants low friction coatings rely on hardness of the moving parts they cover. That is why base material selection is so important. Thickness ranges from 0.0001 to 0.0005 inch are typically all that is needed to derive sustainable low friction. Today, these materials can be applied by spray, wipe or dip, and, from the more advanced techniques, vapor deposition. Consequently, coverage of most any geometry, any surface, internal or external, will be feasible. Processing temperatures can be as low as PTFE Coatings room temperature but average about 400 degrees Fahrenheit. This makes most metals acceptable candidates so long as they meet other critical mechanical requirements for the ‘system’.

Here, though, surface finish will be critical. All roughness (peaks) between the surfaces needs to be removed. Otherwise, the very benefits of dry film lubricants low friction coatings may be negated, and severe galling or cold-weld may occur. Generally, for both sliding surfaces, cast materials are poor work piece candidates, unless surface finishes of 32 micro inch or better are assured.

Between the sliding surfaces, how many surfaces should you apply dry film lubricants low friction coatings? Generally, friction will be slightly higher coating both surfaces, rather than coating one surface only. But by coating both surfaces, you may may extend the life of the ‘overall system’. So, while differences may prove negligible, this is something you will have to determine. That is, whether longer wear life or lower friction is the choice for your gear, machinery, or metal lubrication.

Dry film lubricants low friction coatings have a long established history with the military and aerospace industries. Their ability to work in some of the more adverse environments is well known, including temperatures ranging from cryogenic to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit, compatibly with Water Based Spray Paint liquid oxygen, in a hard vacuum, and to withstand high frequency fretting, as well as loads in excess of 200,000 psi. Of course, this makes them proven candidates for automotive, marine, and countless other industries.

To be sure dry film lubricants low friction coatings will best serve your needs, first understand your requirements. What is the nature of your environment? Are the materials you’ve chosen for your work pieces suitable? Have they been hardened?

Often, failure is not the fault of the coating, but a failure to understand its limits. Know this, then ask all the right questions and surface engineer for success every time.

Top Stylus Pens and Brushes for iPad and Other Touch Screen Tablets

These are my top picks of the best stylus pens and brushes for drawing and painting on the iPadand other touch screen tablets. There is no shortage of choices when it comes to touch screen styli, but many of them are poor quality, or just not ideal for drawing, painting and other graphics editing tasks. The stylus options below are what I have found to the best choices for working with art and graphics appson a touch screen. For more reviews and general information on choosing a stylus, see my Touch Screen Stylus Roundup.For information about pressure-sensitive stylus pens for the iPad, see Before You Buy an Electronic Stylus, and my Smart Stylus Roundup.1. Non Stick Coatings TruGlide Pro Precision & Artist Paintbrush Tip© LYNKTecThe TruGlide Pro Precision stylus is fashioned after a regular pen-style stylus, but instead of a rubber tip, it features a soft, micro-fiber tip which glides effortlessly across the screen. In addition, the tip unscrews from the pen body, allowing you to attach alternate tips. LYNKTec has hit on a winning combination here with a microfiber tip stylus and a paintbrush option. The tapered paintbrush tip is made of a combination of highly conductive organic and synthetic fibers. When using the microfiber tip, a slight pressure is required for screen response. In contrast, the brush tip requires such a light touch that it feels as if you are not even touching the screen. The TruGlide Pro Stylus & Artist Paintbrush Tip Bundle includes the Pro Precision stylus in your choice of color, an artist paintbrush tip, and a metal carrying case.More Info2. Sensu Brush & Stylus in One© Artist HardwareThe Sensu Brush is an artist's brush and stylus combined in a sleek, attractive package. The Sensu Brush consists of a rubber-tipped stylus on one end, and an authentic hair artist brush on the other end. A separate cap serves to protect the bristle end of the stylus, and lengthens the stylus when the brush is used. A comfort grip is integrated into the brush end of the stylus. The Sensu Brush is available in either chrome or matte black finish. With the combination of a standard stylus nib, a real-bristle artist brush, and protective cap, the designers of Sensu Brush have hit on a real winner here. Of all the brush-style styli I've tried to date, it's the best.Non Stick Coating Spray More Info3. Nomad FLeX Brush© NomadBrush LLCNomad Brush is modeled after a real paintbrush and creates an unrivaled experience working with art apps. After the success of the original Nomad Brush, a number of new models have been introduced to meet a variety of needs. The original Nomad mil Brush has a longer handle, which is perfect for a tablet device like the iPad, and is offered with either a long or short bristle tip. The Nomad Mini is a similar brush stylus with a shorter handle. The Nomad Compose is a dual-tip brush stylus with interchangeable, screw-on tips. You can choose a long brush or short brush version and both versions also include a glide bevel tip with very short beveled bristles. Nomad Play is a paintbrush stylus designed for kids. It comes in four colors with a fun design for each color. My current favorite is the Nomad FLeX, which offers interchangeable nibs, includes a protective carrying case, and comes in your choice of five stylish colors--cobalt blue, charcoal, pink, silver, and red.More Info4. GoSmart StylusPhoto credit: © Thomas PRThe GoSmart Stylus offers a unique cross-hair tip which provides an unblocked view of the drawing point on your screen, for more precision. The stainless steel tip is coated with Teflon so it won't scratch your tablet's screen. Although I did experience an unpleasant squeaking noise with long strokes on my screen protector, I enjoyed the unimpeded view of the screen that this stylus provides. It comes in two styles--a pen shape and a rocket shape--and the strong rare-earth magnets embedded in the pen body allow it to attach to your iPad or Smart Cover. This would be a great stylus to use for detailed artistic work as well as note-taking and general use.More Info5. Wacom Bamboo Stylus© WacomThe Wacom Bamboo Stylus is attractive, well-built, and feels nice in the hand. It comes with a clip, and is offered in six color choices which perfectly match the iPad 2 Smart Cover. The tip of the Bamboo Stylus is a soft flexible rubber, and at 6mm wide, it is a bit smaller than other foam- and rubber-tipped stylus pens. The Wacom Bamboo Stylus doesn't offer anything special for working with larger screens and art applications, but it is a stylish and comfortable solid performer that Ceramic Coated works well for general use.More InfoChoosing an iPad Stylus for Touch Screen TabletsHere are some points to consider when choosing a touch screen stylus for your iPad or other tablet, along with the full round-up of stylus pens and brushes I have reviewed.

Non-stick Bakeware Care

Nonstick bakeware and cookware is so convenient for reducing the amount of grease or oil needed to cook foods, or to make baking easy to remove from the pans.  Unfortunately,PTFE Coating this coated kitchenware has its downside - it's just not as durable as non-coated pans, but you can help keep them in good shape so you can enjoy your nonstick cookware and bakeware for a longer period.   Here are some helpful tips that will increase the lifespan of your pans:How to Care for Nonstick Cookware10 Ways to Ruin a Nonstick PanKeeping Nonstick Bread Pans - NonstickPhoto © MifflinPractical Mini Loaf Pans| Silicone Bakeware| Bundt BasicsComments(0)See All Posts

How Do You Season or Cure Cast Iron Fry Pans or Skillets

Question: How Do You Season or Cure Cast Iron Fry Pans or Skillets?Uncoated cast iron skillets or fry pans must be cured or seasoned before you can use them - what is this process, and do the words 'curing' and 'seasoning' mean the same thing?Answer: Cast iron cookware should be cured, inside and out including lids, if the pan is new and has not been pre-cured by the manufacturer, or if your pan is old, Non Stick Coatings and the seasoning has worn off.Many manufacturers are now marketing pans that have been pre-seasoned.  In this case, the curing process has been done for you, but read the product manual carefully to see if there are any initial washing instructions to follow.The words 'curing' and 'seasoning' both refer to the process of coating your pan with grease and oven-cooking it, which fills the pores of the cast iron, and renders your pan with a natural, nonstick-type of coating.To maintain the curing on your pan, you should only rinse or quickly wash with mild soapy water after each use.  Too much scrubbing and hot water will remove the curing, and the pan will require a re-seasoning.  It is normal for your pan to require a re-seasoning occasionally.Curing/Seasoning ProcessPrepare your pan by scrubbing it with hot soapy water, ensuring there is no food residue or rust, and dry it completely.Warm the pan up slightly, and apply a coat of melted shortening to the inside and outside.  Liquid cooking oils are not recommended.Preheat your oven to 350 degrees and put your cookware in upside right, on a foil-covered cooking sheet, to catch any drips.  If you use a non-covered baking sheet, it will require a good scrub afterwards - the foil saves on the cleanup.Bake for approximately 20 minutes.  If it starts to smoke, reduce the temperature by 10-15 degrees until it stops.  This may increase the time by a few minutes, but will not hurt the cure.Drain off any excess grease, and put the pan back in the oven, this time upside down, for 1 to 3 hours.  A re-seasoning may only require half of that time.Turn the oven off, and let the pan cool down naturally before removing it.You now have a seasoned cast iron nonstick cooking utensil that will last a lifetime with proper care.  For tips on caring for cast iron, see Cast From The Past, by guest writer, Dan MifflinUpdate - Reader Recommended: Peanut Oil at 350 degrees also works well.Tips and Tricks on Home OwnershipPromotional Feature: View this video series to learnPTFE Coating Process how to take good care of your house.Read MoreReleated ResourcesCompare Prices - Cast IronCast From The PastCookwareOther ResourcesGadgets & ToolsKitchenware & AccessoriesCutting Board BasicsYou May Also LikeSmall AppliancesFood Prep ToolsLaundry & Fabric CareRelated ArticlesHow to Care for Cast Iron Skillets, Griddles and CookwareLearn How to Clean and Season Cast Iron Including GriswoldCast Iron - Lodge Cookware - Cookware - Pots and PansHow to Clean Cast Iron PansCast Iron Cooking Tips

Chemical engineering

   This editable Main Article has an approved citable version (see its Citable Version subpage). While we have done conscientious work, we cannot guarantee that this Main Article, or its citable version, is wholly free of mistakes. By helping to improve this editable Main Article, you will help the process of generating a new, improved citable version. [edit intro]Chemical engineering is one of the broadest fields of engineering. This stems from the fact that the discipline of chemical engineering is founded on mathematicsand incorporates all of the basic sciences such as chemistry, physicsand biologyas well as engineering knowledge and concepts. PTFE Coatings
The disciplinary definition would be that chemical engineering is the profession in which knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology, gained by study, experience and practice, is applied with judgement to develop economic and safe ways of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful products to benefit mankind.[1][2]
The occupational definition would be that chemical engineering is a field that deals with industrial and natural processes that involve the chemical, physical or biological transformation of matter or energy into forms useful for mankind, economically and safely without compromising the environment.[2]
Perhaps, the simplest definition is that chemical engineering is the design, development and management of a wide and varied spectrum of industrial and other endeavors.[3]
Contents1 History2 Chemical engineering applications3 Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering4 Professional societies and organization5 ReferencesHistoryThe industrial revolution of the early 1800's gave birth to many large-scale chemical plantsincluding the Lead-Chamber method for producing sulfuric acid. The raw materials included a nitrate which, in the final stage of the process, was lost to the atmosphere as nitric oxidegasand had to be replaced by costly fresh nitrate imported from Chile. In 1827, the French chemist Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussacdeveloped a tower that recovered most of the nitrogen oxidegases formed and reduced the consumption of nitrate. The first Gay-Lussac tower was installed at a plant in France in 1837. However, its use was not widespread until a British chemist, John Glover, invented an improved version of the  tower, patented in Englandin 1859. By the 1870s, Non Stick Coating the Glover–Gay-Lussac system was used throughout Britain and Europe. Because Glover's tower was essentially a mass transfertower, he is often considered to be the first chemical engineer.[4]
In 1791, a French physician, Nicholas Le Blanc, patented a method of producing sodium carbonatefrom sea salt.[5]By 1810, it was in widespread use. However, it produced the hazardous byproducts hydrochloric acid, nitrogen oxides, sulfurand chlorinegas. In 1811, Augustine Jean Fresnel, a French physicist, discovered a cleaner process for producing sodium carbonate by bubbling carbon dioxidethrough an ammonia-containing brine. Attempts to build large-scale plants using Fresnel's process were unsuccessful. In 1863, some fifty years later, a Belgian chemist, Ernest Solvay, successfully applied Fresnel's process using a tall gas absorption tower in which carbon dioxide bubbled up through a descending flow of brine, together with efficient recovery and recycling of the ammonia. Use of the Solvay process soon became widespread and it is still used today. Ernest Solvay's work is sometimes thought of as one of the first accomplishments of chemical engineering.[6]
The Haber process for the production of ammoniaby combining hydrogen and nitrogenwas first patented by a chemist, Fritz Haber, in 1908. In 1910, an engineer, Carl Bosch, while working for the Germanchemical company BASF, successfully commercialized the process and secured further patents. It was first used on an industrial scale by the Germans during World War I. Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel prizes, in 1918 and 1931 respectively, for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems posed by the use of large-scale high-pressuretechnology. Their process is often referred to as the Haber-Bosch processand is considered to be one of the major chemical engineering achievements because it made possible the large-scale production of ammonia-based fertilizers that transformed the world's food production.[7][8]
Under the British Alkali Act of 1863, an Alkali Inspector and four subinspectors were appointed to curb the discharge into the air of hydrochloric gas from the Le Blanc sodium carbonate plants. During his long career, one of the Alkali Inspectors, George Davis, inspected many of the Lead Chamber, Le Blanc and Solvay plants in the Midland area of England. What he learned convinced him of the necessity for a new branch of engineering that combined applied chemistry and traditional engineering. In 1880, George Davis proposed the formation of a Society of Chemical Engineers which  failed to become a reality. In 1887, he gave a series of 12 lectures on industrial  chemical operations at the Manchester Technical School. His lectures can be regarded as the forerunner of the discipline of chemical engineering.[9][10]In 1901, Davis published a Handbook of Chemical Water Based Acrylic Paint Engineering.[11]He is considered to be the father of modern chemical engineering.
In 1888, the first chemical engineering curriculum, designed by Lewis Norton, began at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT). In 1892 and 1894, respectively, the University of Pennsylvaniaand Tulane Universityin Louisianaalso began chemical engineering programs.[10]
In 1908, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers(AIChE) was formed and, in 1922, the Institution of Chemical Engineers(IChemE) was founded in England.
In 1923, MIT Professors William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewisand William H. McAdamsproduced the classic book Principals of Chemical Engineering[12]which greatly stimulated the evolution of chemical engineering in the United States and encouraged the creation of chemical engineering departments in universities worldwide. In that same year, Professor E.C. Williamsestablished the first chemical engineering program in England at the University College London(UCL).[13]
Chemical engineering applicationsThe process design, operation and management of large-scale industrial facilities such as:
Petroleum refining processesproducing LPG, gasoline, diesel oil, fuel oils, asphalt, lubricants, waxes, etc.Natural gas plantsthat process raw natural gasto become suitable for consumer use by removing impurities and by-product natural gas liquids(NGL).Petrochemicaland chemical plantsproducing plastics, synthetic fibers, elastomers, agricultural chemicals (fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides), detergents(soap, shampoo, cleaning solutions), fragrances, explosives, widely used industrial chemicals (such as sulfuric acidand ammonia) and many others.Pulp and paper millsproducing paper products.Fossil fuel power plantsfueled by natural gas, fuel oil or coal.Nuclear power plantsDesigning processes and facilities for:
Industrial plants that produce all types of paints and coatings.Food and drink processing plants that process foodstuffs and drinks of all kinds.Pharmaceutical facilitiesfor producing new drugs.[14]Biochemicaland bioengineeringfacilities involving fermentation, enzymetechnology, and biological waste treatment.[14]The production of all manner of adhesives and composite materials for automobiles as well as the aerospaceindustries.Industrial plants producing glass and ceramics.Environmental engineeringtasks such as the design of air pollutionand water pollutioncontrol and mitigation facilities, performing environmental impact studies and air pollution dispersion modelingstudies, and selection or design of facilities to comply with governmental environmental protection regulations.
Safety engineering work such as performing hazardous operation studies(Hazops), risk analyses, and establishing and implementing safe operating procedures for industrial facilities.
Research and development in the fields of fuel cells, nanotechnologydown to the cellular level, computer chips, and other leading edge technologies.
In all of the above fields of endeavor, chemical engineers may also function as consultants, lawyers reviewing new technology patents, sales engineers, instrumentation and control engineers, and equipment manufacturers.
Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringIn recent years, chemical engineering has become more and more involved in biomolecular engineering. At a 1992 meeting of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), they defined the term, "Biomolecular Engineering," as Research and development at the interface of chemical engineering and biology with an emphasis at the molecular level.[15]
Many universities now offer degree programs in Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.[15][16][17][18]In the future, chemical engineering will not only encompass design work at large scales (e.g., petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants) but will also encompass work at very small scales down to the cellular level.[19]
Professional societies and organization
Argentina: Argentinian Association for Chemical EngineersAustralia: Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI)Brazil: Brazilian Association of Chemical Engineering (ABEQ)Canada: Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE)Europe: European Federation of Chemical Engineers (EFCE)Germany: Society for Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (DECHEMA}India: Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE)Israel: Israel Institute of Chemical Engineers(IIChE)
Japan: Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan (SCEJ)Korea: Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers (KIChE)Mexico: Mexican Insititute of Chemical Engineers (IMIQ)Pakistan: Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers(PIChE)South Africa: South African Institution of Chemical Engineers (SAIChE)Thailand:Thai Institute of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry (TIChE)United Kingdom: Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChemE)United States: American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE)

A new wave of Droids is coming Droid Mini Droid Ultra Droid Maxx

We're still waiting on an official MotorolaX announcement, but on Tuesday, Motorola unveiled two -- or three, depending on how you count them -- new Droids. Dubbed the DroidMini, the Droid Ultra, and the Droid Maxx (an Ultra with a bigger battery), these new Droids will surely soothe Verizon's nerves (the X is not going to be a Droid).
The Droid Maxx, as you might expect, was the star of the show. It matches the screen size of the latest "big" device, Samsung's Galaxy S4, with a 5-inch AMOLED Gorilla Glass screen and a 1,280 x 720 resolution (although that pixel density falls short of the GS4's 1,920 x 1,080 resolution and a Retina display).
As its Maxx name implies, though, the Droid Maxx Ceramic Coated specializes in battery life. It is 8.5mm-thick, 1.32mm thicker than the Droid Ultra, its nearly identical sibling, but that means it ships with a huge 3,500mAh battery that Motorola boasts gives 48 hours of continuous battery life (for the sake of comparison, the Razr Maxx HD lasts 32 hours, yet is 9 percent thicker).
The Droid Maxx's SOC (system-on-a-chip) is a new proprietary Motorola design with eight cores -- a dual-core application processor, four graphics cores, a contextual computing core, and another core for "natural language processing." The Motorola X8 will run at 1.7Ghz. The CPU cores are Qualcomm Krait-based, while the GPU cores are Adreno-based.
It will ship with 2GB of RAM, and 32GB of internal storage.
Its slimmer $199.99 Droid Ultra twin is 7.18-millimeter thick. It has the same 5-inch screen, comes in both black and red, and sports a 2,130mAh battery that doesn't do bad for life, with reported usage time of up to 28 hours.
Unlike the backing on the Maxx, which has a soft-touch matte coating, the Ultra's back sports a glossy coating. Also unlike the Maxx, the Ultra will ship with only 16GB of internal storage.
Finally, finishing off the trio of new devices is the 4.3-inch Droid Mini, which could be seen as the successor to the Razr M. It will sell for $99.99 on contract, and is the only one of the three sans an AMOLED screen, having a TFT 720p screen instead. It will carry a 2,000mAh battery that has a reported usage time of 28 hours, the same processor running at the same speed, and 16GB of internal storage, like the Ultra.
All the devices will ship with the same SOC, the Motorola X8, running at the same processor speed. All will also carry Android4.2.2 Jelly Bean, a 10-megapixel rear-facing camera with Wear Resistant Coatings 1080p HD video recording, and a 2-megapixel front-facing camera.
In terms of software features, the new "touchless control system" we've heard about in reference to the Moto X is on board these Droids. Users can just say "OK GoogleNow" to activate and then speak their commands to the phone.
There is also an active display feature that -- for certain features -- only illuminates a portion of the screen to conserve battery. These Droids will also have the same suite of new camera features that just leaked for the Moto X, with features like quick capture that lets you flick the phone twice to open the camera app, and then take a picture with a tap anywhere on the screen.
All three variants of the phones will ship on Aug. 20, on Verizon Wireless.

Vapor Deposition Corrosion Resistant Coatings

Vapor deposition corrosion resistant coatings can be an excellent source for corrosion protection. Especially for those applications requiring hard thin films.

Derivatives of ‘DLC’, also referred to as diamond-like coatings, as well as some of the carbide and nitride-based materials are very popular -- both for their general oxidation protection and chemical corrosion stability.

Additionally, these vapor deposition corrosion resistant materials can be combined, multi layered deposits for enhanced protection.Teflon Coating

Everlube Products Pioneer and Leader in Solid Film Lubricant Technology.
The key to success using vapor deposition corrosion resistant coatings will be both in their chemical compatibility with their environment and ability to form pin hole free structures. Pin holes, also known as ‘holidays’, are those microscopic voids in the coating that expose the bare metal. Failure to recognize the need for a corrosion resistant metal surface can present risks to coating performance. That is why it is essential you understand the nature of the corrosion, or aspects of the ‘corrosive environment’.

Ideally, the densest structures, with the least likelihood of microscopic voids, are those formed by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). Keep in mind, though, especially in consideration of your base metal, process temperatures range typically between 1500 and 2200 degrees Fahrenheit. Which may make Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD), whose processing temperatures run between 750 and 900 degrees Fahrenheit, more desirable forms of vapor deposition corrosion resistant coatings.

Advancements now include even lower temperature processing through Plasma Enhanced (PECVD) or Plasma Assisted (PACVD) vapor deposition. In contrast, these coatings can be processed below 550 F, yet with excellent adherence, uniformity, and corrosion resistant properties.

When do you use vapor deposition corrosion resistant coatings? Advantages are most gained in dynamic environments, where parts are moving or abrasion is high. Where ‘micro hardness’ is key. For example, where other physical properties are sought concurrently, such as dry lubrication.

Greater demands for corrosion resistance from engineered products, higher standards of performance, are all driving the need for new combinatory materials. Many of these vapor deposition corrosion resistant coatings are non-objectionable with FDA and show growing acceptance in the medical industry. This includes non-implantable and implantable device.

Once the corrosive environment and mechanics are clearly understood, the proper design criteria for coating material and coating process can be met. Today, the most promising breakthroughs in vapor deposition coatings, and their evolutionary outlook, are in their combination and architectures. Ultimately, vapor deposition corrosion resistant coatings will offer us more choice in the most demanding mechanical and thermal environments.Non Stick Coating